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NEWS by Kelly Beatty
Apophis ad Absurdum
At some point you've probably been driving down the freeway when a bug splats itself on your windshield. Did the impact send you careening off the side of the road? I thought not. But that's the underlying premise of a ridiculous story that took the Internet by storm yesterday.
It seems that a 13-year-old German student chose a study of near-Earth asteroids for his entry in a prestigious science-fair competition. While crunching the numbers for a 1,000-foot-wide asteroid named 99942 Apophis, he discovered that the giant rock might strike an orbiting satellite when it brushes within 18,000 to 20,000 miles of Earth on April 13, 2029.
That possibility, the student concluded, had been overlooked by NASA's top dynamicists, and it increased the chance of Apophis crashing into Earth itself on a subsequent pass in 2036 from 1 in 45,000 (NASA's estimate) to just 1 in 450. It's a harrowing prospect if he had actually been correct.
The story first appeared on April 4th in Bild, the German equivalent of Weekly World News. "I have calculated the end of the world!" screams the headline "...and NASA says, I'm right." This silliness might have died quietly, had the Agence France-Presse not repeated and embellished the tale on April 15th.
Kudos to German science writer Daniel Fischer, who got to the bottom of this mess and yesterday exposed it for the farce (or hoax) it was.
First, the boy misunderstood the flyby geometry in 2029 the chance of striking a satellite is "vanishingly unlikely," NASA scientists insist. While it's true that Apophis will pass closer than the altitude of geosynchronous satellites, it'll be well outside them when it crosses Earth's equatorial plane, where they're located.
Second, Apophis has an estimated mass of some 20 million tons. Even if it did have a head-on collision with a sizable satellite, the impact would barely affect the asteroid's trajectory. (If you don't believe me, just ask the bug.)
On Friday the 13th in April 2029, a 1,000-foot-wide asteroid named Apophis will pass close enough to Earth (within 20,000 miles) to briefly appear as a 3rd-magnitude star in the night sky.
Dan Durda
That possibility, the student concluded, had been overlooked by NASA's top dynamicists, and it increased the chance of Apophis crashing into Earth itself on a subsequent pass in 2036 from 1 in 45,000 (NASA's estimate) to just 1 in 450. It's a harrowing prospect if he had actually been correct.
The story first appeared on April 4th in Bild, the German equivalent of Weekly World News. "I have calculated the end of the world!" screams the headline "...and NASA says, I'm right." This silliness might have died quietly, had the Agence France-Presse not repeated and embellished the tale on April 15th.
Kudos to German science writer Daniel Fischer, who got to the bottom of this mess and yesterday exposed it for the farce (or hoax) it was.
First, the boy misunderstood the flyby geometry in 2029 the chance of striking a satellite is "vanishingly unlikely," NASA scientists insist. While it's true that Apophis will pass closer than the altitude of geosynchronous satellites, it'll be well outside them when it crosses Earth's equatorial plane, where they're located.
Second, Apophis has an estimated mass of some 20 million tons. Even if it did have a head-on collision with a sizable satellite, the impact would barely affect the asteroid's trajectory. (If you don't believe me, just ask the bug.)
Posted by Kelly Beatty, April 17, 2008
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First comments (from 15)
""Barely Affecting" May Be Sufficient
Posted by Bug's Revenge
April 17, 2008 At 02:50 PM PDT
I wouldn't necessarily discount an alteration of the asteroid's trajectory, no matter how small. Even "barely affecting" the trajectory could be sufficient to nudge it into Earth's orbit after it has traveled millions of kilometers. Tiny changes add up over time.
But it does seem like NASA has accounted for a satellite collision and that this is just a hoax.
collision
Posted by Tom
April 17, 2008 At 05:21 PM PDT
Bug, better to do the math involved in this collision before introducing a variable of unknown quantity (the collision) into the discussion. And so, playing the role of the hypocrite, collisions of this magnitude are far more likely during its travels in the solar system as the surface of any asteroid will attest. Our energies are better spent bashing the French for their role in trying to make NASA look bad.
Apophis
Posted by Enrico the Greqat
April 17, 2008 At 06:35 PM PDT
This is why I roll my eyes over every asteroid impact story. The threat of impact of course is real, BUT the sensation loving scientifically illiterate mass media can not help but axagerate for the purpose of one upsmanship. The public looses out. This danger needs to be addressed by the scientific, political and military communities of the major world powers, but fear mongering and sensationalism will not help in this debate.
The various Astronomy magazines, which are run by people who should know better do not help when they run sensational cover art in the genre I call "Impact Porn".
Get facts right
Posted by Sean
April 17, 2008 At 06:43 PM PDT
its funny how you downplay aphosis. its actually 390KM wide not 1000 feet. you should do your research before you post a story. Secondly
I'm not sure what came secondly, Sean, but as far as the size of Apophis, I'm on pretty firm ground. If it were really 390 km across, as you state, it'd be the fifth largest asteroid inside the orbit of Jupiter . . . and I can assure you it's not. Kelly Beatty
Asteroid
Posted by Graham
April 18, 2008 At 09:45 AM PDT
Well, I remember 7/4/06, when a large asteroid was supposed to pass by at well beyond 243k/Km, but while watching the shuttle launch that day on CNN and on the web through Nasa's website, I noticed on the website, a female astronaut with a video camera who was recording the fuel tank separation, panned out and caught a view of the HUGE asteroid noticeably very close, much closer than they predicted! I looked for archived video from Nasa and found none. It seems she made a mistake, but I saw it with my own eyes and I wonder if anybody else saw it.
Size of asteroid
Posted by Angus Crome
April 18, 2008 At 11:31 AM PDT
Even if the asteroid was 390Km wide, seeing it at 18K-20K miles would roughly be equivalent to seeing that bug from you car at 0.75 miles. You have a better chance of seeing the Shuttle in normal space flight with your naked eye than that.
Size of asteroid
Posted by Terry
April 18, 2008 At 11:41 AM PDT
According to NASA, it is 0.250 km.
http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/a99942.html
Get facts right
Posted by James Durbano
April 18, 2008 At 04:28 PM PDT
Apophis has been estimated to be between 270 m and 390 m in diameter, not 390000 m (390 km)! It would appear that Sean needs to "get the facts right" before he posts a comment. Also, for those of you who are "metrically challenged" 270 metres is more-or-less equivalent to 886 feet and 390 metres is more-or-less equivalent to 1280 feet. Therefore, reporting Apophis to be a 1,000-foot-wide asteroid is certainly acceptable.
Perspective
Posted by Jeff Stevens
April 18, 2008 At 11:17 PM PDT
Kelly, I enjoyed reading your article. It's good to know that we can rely on Sky & Telescope to present the facts so clearly and concisely. I loved the car windshield and bug comparison - it puts it into perspective beautifully.
kinetic energy
Posted by Dave
April 19, 2008 At 08:15 AM PDT
I disagree that the bug/windshield analogy is a good one.
The kinetic energy of a collision has less to do with the mass of the satellite (or bug) as does the relative velocity. Anyone who has been struck by a bullet should know that, as should anyone who saw what a small piece of foam did to Columbia. And these are relatively low velocity collisions.
If you search the web for "Apophis" and "kinetic energy impactor" you will see reports (attributed to NASA) that a 1 ton object can deflect Apophsis' path enough to move its path 31 inches a day, or 1 mile over 3 years.
Thus, I believe the impact will be more than a bug on a windshield. The kinetic energy of the collision is 1/2 m v*v; that is, it is proportional to velocity squared. I've read that v will be 28,000 MPH or 12,500m/s. Square that and you get some pretty big numbers; the kinetic energy of a 4600kg satellite (ie.. Sirius 4) at that velocity relative to the asteroid is about 3.6E11 Joules. However, these are far from elastic collisions.
Of course, the odds of an impact altering the path in exactly the right way so that it causes a collision (or orbital capture) are pretty slim; it seems that an impact will more likely decrease the chance of a collision, and as noted, at 20,000 miles away, the chance of satellite collision is almost nil.
I would like to have seen a more scientific refutation of the article, with realistic calculations.
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comments (15)