The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument is poised to record millions of galaxies as far back as 11 billion years ago to unveil the nature of dark energy.

DESI First Light
The first light image of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) captured the Triangulum Galaxy. DESI’s 5,000 spectroscopic “eyes” cover an area of sky approximately 38 times the area of the full Moon, as seen in this overlay of DESI’s focal plane on the night sky.
DESI Collaboration / Legacy Surveys / NASA / JPL-Caltech / UCLA

Nearly 500 researchers at 75 institutions in 13 countries are working to shed light on dark energy. Their five-year project relies on a new instrument being commissioned on the 4-meter Mayall telescope at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona. The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) is set to revolutionize astronomy — again.

DESI's first light plus spectrum
In the test spectrum captured by DESI on October 22nd, light from the Triangulum Galaxy (M33) is dispersed into a spectrum, which contains information about the elements present in the galaxy, as well as spectral lines that can help astronomers measure the galaxy's distance.
DESI Collaboration / Legacy Surveys / NASA / JPL-Caltech / UCLA / NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory

Two decades ago, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) remade the field when it mapped one-third of the sky over the 2.5-meter telescope at Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico. Thousands of studies are based on the three-dimensional map of the universe it created.

That survey also included spectra, taken using custom-drilled metal plates with a thousand holes corresponding to individual stars and galaxies. Once the plates were installed on the telescope, workers painstakingly fitted fiber-optic cables to every hole by hand, enabling the objects’ light to reach the SDSS spectrograph. In this way, the SDSS could measure spectra of around 1,000 objects at a time.

In so doing, SDSS basically introduced astronomy to the era of Big Data. Now, DESI will up the game. The new survey, says Jeffrey Newman (University of Pittsburgh), aims to map out 10 times the volume of the most recently completed phase of the SDSS (SDSS-III), look five times further into the universe’s past, and chart 50 times as many galaxies.

DESI petal that includes M33
The robotic positioners, which place the fiber-optic cables that gather light from individual galaxies and stars, are arranged in 10 wedge-shaped modules called “petals”. Left: One petal includes the galaxy M33. Blue circles mark the regions from which the 500 fiber-optic cables capture light. Right: Hydrogen-line emission is shown as a color map, with brighter colors indicating brighter emission and a greater abundance of the gas.
DESI Collaboration / Legacy Surveys / NASA / JPL-Caltech / UCLA / NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory

Part of the reason for DESI's increased range is automation. Like the SDSS, DESI collects an object’s light via a fiber-optic cable before spreading it into a spectrum. But unlike the SDSS, DESI will take those spectra 5,000 objects a time at an amazing speed. Humans are no longer involved in the placement of the cables — instead, robots will reposition 5,000 cables every 20 minutes in a humming, choreographed dance. Under ideal conditions, DESI will collect information on more than 100,000 galaxies per night.

The DESI camera has a field of view of 8 square degrees, or 40 times the area of the full Moon, and astronomers expect it to image and take a spectrum of 10 million stars and 35 million galaxies, looking as far back as 11 billion years ago.

DESI is primed to map the universe and enable the study of its namesake, dark energy, a mysterious force that appears to be accelerating the expansion of the universe. But there's more to DESI than cosmological studies.

“DESI is perfectly designed for the exploration of the unknown,” says Arjun Dey (Kitt Peak National Observatory). “Among the millions of galaxies and stars DESI will study, there are rare, perhaps one-of-a-kind, astronomical sources, some completely unanticipated, that await discovery.”

Comments


Image of Rod

Rod

October 29, 2019 at 9:06 am

Good report. I especially enjoyed reading about M33. I was out 24-Oct near 2200 EDT, enjoyed some good views of M33 using my 10-inch Newtonian that night along with M31. I checked some cosmology calculators for 11 billion years look-back time in Big Bang model. The objects have z numbers near 2.6 to 3.0 it seems. According to the model, these z numbers are at immensely farther distances from earth than 11 billion light years today, well beyond where we see the CMBR.

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Peter Wilson

October 30, 2019 at 9:47 am

Is the dark energy puzzle unsolved because it’s missing a few pieces? Specifically, the Newtonian principle of action-reaction? “Action” being the collapse of gas-clouds into stars and galaxies; “reaction” to such local collapse being expansion. Yet the equations of cosmology (1) lack any action or reaction terms. Reaction is missing-in-action. Could the real-world be more complicated than first thought? The Dark Energy Dialogue, below, revisits this fateful omission. Clearly diagrammed and illustrated, it includes arguments, both for and against, the inclusion of action and reaction in the model (2).

“I expected very little. This was actually very, very good!” —Ivan

Dark Energy Dialogue: https://youtu.be/4goInwbOix4

References:
1) Friedmann, A., Z. Phys., 1922
2) Ahmed Ali and Saurya Das, Physics Letters B, 2015.

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Image of Rod

Rod

October 30, 2019 at 11:57 am

Is dark energy and dark matter created during the Big Bang event? If no, is dark energy and dark matter - eternal?

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Bob

November 3, 2019 at 10:39 pm

Monica,

Please continue to pass along the pieces of the Dark Energy puzzle to us. These articles are quite valuable.

Bob

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